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Fosters Chapter When in Doubt - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 968 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2019/04/04 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Frankenstein Essay Did you like this example? In Fosters Chapter, When in Doubt, Its From Shakespeare, he discusses how many authors borrow from Shakespeares work since it was so cleaver and legendary. He explains by borrowing from such a talented writer can make their work more detailed, meaningful, and creative. He also suggests that the readers should look for any references from Shakespeares plays to enhance their understanding of the text. In Frankenstein, there is a connection to the Shakespeare play, The Tempest. In The Tempest, two characters relate to Victor and the monster in Frankenstein. In The Tempest, there is Caliban, which is a half human and half monster, so that character relates most to the monster and there is Sycorax, which is Calibans creator so that character mostly relates to Victor. Both monsters had to face fates and in Frankenstein the monster recalls the saying, All men hate the wretched; how then, must I be hated, whom am miserable beyond all living things! Yet you, my creator, detest and spurn me, thy creature, to whom thou art bound by ties only dissoluble by the annihilation of one of us. (Shelley 81). Caliban is essentially considered like an ancestor type of monster, while the monster in Frankenstein was more of an accident created by an eager scientist wanting to advance scientific knowledge. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Fosters Chapter When in Doubt" essay for you Create order In Fosters Chapter, Geography Matters, he discusses how authors have to choose a place for their story to be set in. Authors do not choose a random setting; they usually use a specific setting that accompanies what their story is about. Generally, geography refers to objects such as rivers, hills, and trees but in literature, it can also be referred to as the industry, attitude, or psychology of a text. It can be in any element like a theme or symbol. Frankenstein is set in the North, which Victor describes as, the snows thickened and the cold increased in a degree almost too severe to support (Shelley 182). The North symbolizes distance from society and distance for one being in tune with their emotions. Victor becomes more distant from everyone, including his family and friends, once he created the monster. He even strays himself away from human qualities by lacking emotions. Victor even stated, Company was irksome to me But busy, uninteresting faces brought back despair to my heart (Shelley 137). This further shows Victor distancing himself from people, which is why the North was the perfect setting since that is also associated with isolation. In Fosters Chapter, So Does Season, he discusses how each season has its own significance. For instance, winter is seen as the season of death because of events that happen during it such as hibernation, extremely cold temperatures, and lack of growth. Spring is seen as the season of happiness, growth, life, and resurrection. Summer is seen as the season of youth. Fall is seen as the season that serves as a slowly approaching winter and that is when harvest begins to happen. In literature, authors tend to use irony when implementing the seasons into their writing. In Frankenstein, a little boy named William was killed during spring, which is supposed to be a month of happiness and life, so his death is ironic, and is looked at as a premature death. Ironically, the monster is brought to life in the winter on a dreary night of November which is supposed to be a month of death (Shelley 42). This was forbidden since they knew that winter was a season of death and that bad was to come if life was brought about during that time. However, Victor became cured mentally for a brief amount of time by the divine spring that came after winter (Shelley 47). For the monsters first few years of life, he was trying to get use to this new world and was very curious and observant of the seasons. As he continued to do that, that is when he realized each season has significance to it. He began to see that winter killed nature due to the extremely cold temperatures and it also caused human life to struggle. In contrast, when spring came, he felt happiness and joy and would proclaim that the Earth fit habitation for gods (Shelley 96). Due to the monsters observations and feelings towards the seasons, it eventually brought about the process of the life cycle, which is birth, death, and resurrection. Ultimately, it can be implied that Shelley uses the significance behind seasons in Frankenstein to prove that nature has all the answers to life. In Fosters Chapter, Marked For Greatness, he suggests that a physical mark may be on the outside of a character but it can signify an emotional, psychological, or moral scar they have on the inside. Not on living species can have these scars but so can places and landscapes. A physical scar can also represent emotional scars due to the environment one is surrounded in. The monster is scary looking and deformed on the outside to the point society exiles him, but he has a good heart, which shows irony since his human creator is perfectly normal on the outside but is completely dead and oblivious on the inside. Even though it is stated that the monsters yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath, that was just on the outside, which made him a monster, but on the inside, he was good and just wanted to be accepted (Shelley 35). Victor further described this monster he created as having watery eyes similar to his dun-white sockets. He also says the monster had a shriveled complexion and straight black lips (Shelley 43). These descriptions of the monster show why the humans feared and resented him, but it also shows a flaw in society on how people arent accepting of people that are deformed or different from them.

Corruption of Wealth and Society through Geography in The...

Throughout The Great Gatsby, various locations are introduced that correlate to specific types of inhabitants. The geography of the novel is primarily comprised of four scenes: East Egg, West Egg, the valley of the ashes, and New York City. Although all of the localities are situated in the East, Nick muses at the end of the novel that the story is, in actuality, â€Å"of the West† (Fitzgerald 176). This discovery insinuates that the materialisms of the East besmirched the characters of the West, symbolizing the deteriorating effects the quest for riches has on traditional values. Employing the four major settings, Fitzgerald is able to translate the moral and social corruption of society which dramatically contrasts with the conventional†¦show more content†¦Both Tom and Daisy â€Å"were careless people,† since â€Å"they smashed up things and creatures and retreated back to their money or their vast carelessness† after the damage was done (179). Daisy is chiefly concerned with wealth and status, and becomes infatuated with the ostentatious mansion Gatsby flaunts. This obsession with affluence is portrayed when she â€Å"began to cry stormily† at the mere sight of Gatsby’s lavish collection of expensive shirts (92). Even after her lengthy affair with Gatsby, Daisy neglects to attend his funeral, symbolizing her callous nature and the fact that she used Gatsby for his prestige. Unlike East Egg, West Egg is primarily comprised of new money as exhibited by Jay Gatsby. In contrast to its counterparts, West Egg is gaudy and extravagant, symbolized through the grandiose manor Gatsby occupies. Gatsby’s mansion is described as â€Å"a colossal affair by any standard† which he utilizes to throw flamboyant parties in hopes that his longtime love Daisy will attend (5). In this sense, he exploits his wealth to gain Daisy’s affection, judging the relationship by â€Å"the measure of response† the house evoked from Daisy’s â€Å"well-loved eyes† (91). Gatsby relies on artificial and materialistic means as a foundation for his love. West Egg is also represented as having an inability to conform to societal norms as well as translate social cues. For example,Show MoreRelatedThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1609 Words   |  7 PagesFitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby, the degeneration of society and people during that time due to their immaculate wealth and their glamorous lives is captured perfectly. The entire book seems to revolve around one major theme: the decline of the American dream and the perfect society that supposedly came with it. This is set apart from the other themes in the book because instead of being mentioned directly, it is hinted at by means of oratorical words and phrases. Throughout The Great Gatsby, FitzgeraldRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1621 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican history that profoundly depicted social inequality, immorality, superficiality, and unrest. During this time period, the iconic story of F. Scott Fitzgerald, The Great Gatsby, was written and published. In this revolutionary novel, F. Scott Fitzgerald revisits his fascinating childhood in a more fictitious manner. The Great Gatsby describes and details the life of a young man from Minnesota, known as Nick Carraway, who moves to New York after World War 1 during the Roaring Twenties when t he ideaRead MoreThe American Dream By Jim Cullen1265 Words   |  6 Pageseconomics, and society. This â€Å"American Dream†, depicted by Jim Cullen, is a Puritan-inspired strive for opportunity presenting itself as an universal standard that constitutes to ultimate success. 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His own personal experiences might have influenced his writings, including Fitzgerald’s participation in World War I, his move to New York, and his pursuance of a lucrative career to win a woman’sRead MoreThe Great Gatsby Analysis5626 Words   |  23 PagesIntroduction â€Å"The Great Gatsby†Ã‚  is a  novel  by the  American  author  F. Scott Fitzgerald. First published in 1925, it is set on  Long Islands  North Shore  and in  New York City  from spring to autumn of 1922. The novel takes place following the  First World War. American society enjoyed prosperity during the â€Å"roaring†Ã‚  as the economy soared. At the sameRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald3918 Words   |  16 PagesEric Chong Period 5 The Great Gatsby - RRS Title: The Great Gatsby Publication Date: April 10, 1925 Author: F. Scott Fitzgerald Nationality: American Author’s Birth/Death Dates: September 25, 1896 – December 21, 1940 Distinguishing Traits of Author: F. Scott Fitzgerald was raised in St. Paul, Minnesota and was named after his ancestor Francis Scott Key, who is the author of â€Å"The Star-Spangled Banner.† He is widely regarded as one of the greatest AmericanRead MorePsychology and Author’s Purpose in the Great Gatsby2923 Words   |  12 PagesPsychology and Author’s Purpose in The Great Gatsby It was 1931, six years after the publication of The Great Gatsby, when historian James Truslow Adams coined the term The American Dream (â€Å"The Epic of America†, 415). Yet, his was a new take on an old concept. F. Scott Fitzgerald did not have to wait for Adams to brilliantly propose that the ideal of social equality and the pursuit of Happiness is a dream like enterprise, which has little to do with reality (US 1776). In the 1920’s

Essay on G.I.R.L.S. Keeping It Real - 562 Words

G.I.R.L.S. Keeping It Real (Girls, Independent and Proud, Relationships on Equal Terms, Leaders Today and Tomorrow, Staying Safe and Strong) is an initiative to empower at-risk 11-15 year old females throughout the city of Wilmington, Delaware, with the knowledge and skills empowering them to make good decisions and lead peaceful and productive lives. Six monthly G.I.R.L.S. Teen Summits (Teen Summits) have been developed with the goal of reducing the occurrence of youth gang violence and related crime by: increasing positive decision-making skills, increasing capacity to resist negative peer pressure, providing girls with a healthy view of interpersonal relationships and human sexuality, coaching participants to channel anger into†¦show more content†¦These partners work together to plan and participate in each Teen Summit, so that it is of maximum benefit to the participants. Each colleague facilitates a summit based on their area of expertise. The Wilmington City Police provide safety at each Teen Summit, they have also spoken on the topic of careers in policing, gang resistance, community safety, and the importance of bridging the gap between law enforcement and the community. A core group of girls continues to attend each summit, including girls adjudicated to a therapeutic group environment. More girls attend each subsequent summit. In one case, one of the girls attending the Teen Summit had planned to meet two older teenage boys prior to going home. As a result of the summit, she called her parents to pick her up instead. Two teen mothers attended the summit with their infants and admitted the serious hardships of teen motherhood and issues that impair their ability to continue their education. At another summit, when questioned  ¾ of the group indicated that they knew gang members and one participant asked the gang prevention specialist strategies on how she could help get a friend out of a gang. Another participant felt safe enough to disclose to the whole group of girls that she had be physically and sexually abused by her boyfriend. Coalition experts immediately

Heart Is a Lonely Hunter Free Essays

â€Å"We can’t solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them. † * Albert Einstein The Heart is a Lonely Hunter is a book describing and reflecting upon the problems in the southern United States in the 1930’s. The problems that the author, Carson McCullers, analyzes include alcoholism, labor unions, racial bias, as well as the many problems that economic instability can create. We will write a custom essay sample on Heart Is a Lonely Hunter or any similar topic only for you Order Now McCullers depicts each problem in a very realistic manner connecting one character with one specific issue. The reader identifies with each character because the social problems the characters face have not gone away. Americans still fight for economic justice and racial equality. Labor unions are still demonized by big corporations. These issues have not gone away. The most overbearing problem- in the 1930’s and currently- is the economy. Poverty prevents a main character in this novel, Mick Kelly, from being able to follow her dream. Mick loves music more than anything in the world: â€Å"The whole world was this symphony, and there was not enough of her to listen†¦ Now that it was over there was only her heart beating like a rabbit and this terrible hurt. (145) Micks feels so passionately about music that she wants to absorb as much as possible. She wants to pursue her dream of music, however, her father does not have a stable income and her mother works very hard for very little. This situation restrains Mick from being able to pursue her dreams by not allowing her to get the adequate instructions and opportunities she needs. The fact the Mick grows up working instead of in an env ironment where she cannot take music lessons or have the opportunity to follow her dreams, holds her from achieving greatness. The working class not only had to deal with the poverty but also labor unions. Jake Blount is a confused and mentally unstable man who spends his first few weeks in town drunk. Blount has many ideas that he is constantly speaking about: â€Å"words came out of his throat like a cataract† (13). Blount is upset with company’s treatment of the middle class and finds it necessary to tell most everyone in his presence. He believes that America should enact socialist reforms. He is constantly encouraging the revolts of middle class workers to revolt as a reaction to the treatment in the workplace. Another prominent problem that McCullers identifies is institutionalized racism. Dr. Copeland’s solution is education and fighting against the inequity: â€Å"In the face of brutality I was prudent. Before injustice I held my peace. I sacrificed the things in hand for the good of the hypothetical whole. I believed in the tongue instead of the fist. As armor against oppression I taught patience and faith in the human soul. I know now how wrong I was. I have been a traitor to myself and my people. All that is rot. Now is the time to act and to act quickly. Fight cunning with cunning and might with might. † (301-302) Dr. Copeland when first dealing with racism would attempt to find peace and submit to the criticism. As time went on in his life he realizes the best option is to fight the injustice. Not only has the problem held true to today’s society, but his solution to the problem has become a reality. The problems the characters experienced then are still prevalent today. Poverty is an issue that is one of the focus of society. According to San Jose University the unemployment rate in the Great Depression peaked at 23%. The current unemployment rate, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, is at 9. 2%. While these numbers are different, they are still both very high. McCullers approaches this subject in very realistic and connecting method. The perspective in the 1930’s, Mick Kelly is one that many kids are facing today. Kids today and 1930’s face the problem of wanting to pursue their dreams but instead must work to support their family. This leads to unequal social statuses of children from varying backgrounds. Not only has the poverty remained present, labor unions have as well. Labor unions continue to be demonized by large companies. Since the 1930’s labor union membership had been steadily decreasing until the beginning of the current economic recession. The fact that McCullers took the time to analyze such a problem that still exists today show how perceptive she was socially of the world around her. Institutionalized racism is a subject that is no longer prevalent today. The reason that the issue has decreased is because solution of fighting the injustice has taken effect. The current American president, Barack Obama, has dealt with the problems that McCullers describes. He has also taken the solution that McCullers implements through Dr. Copeland and has become the American president. McCullers identifies the possibility of the success and offers the solution. The problems of society are not taken lightly by anyone. McCullers broaches the problems in a careful yet aggressive manner. She paints a powerful picture of each issue allowing the reader to connect with each problem even sixty years after writing the book. It does not take a genius to realize that the problems that McCullers examines and even offers solutions for come problems that are still prominent in today’s society. The specifics of the economy, labor unions, and racial bias have evolved with the rest of the country, but the fact that the problems are still here is a testament to the social awareness of McCullers while she was writing The Heart is a Lonely Hunter. While McCullers did not actually change these issues, she brought to light struggles that many Americans are facing today. How to cite Heart Is a Lonely Hunter, Essay examples

Cognitive Development Of Psychology Click to Get Free Sample

Question: Describe about the Cognitive Development of Psychology? Answer: Cognitive Development: Cognitive development is the method of acquire aptitude and ever more difficult thinking and crisis solve capability from childhood to adulthood. Formerly thought that the infant lack of capability to believe or from the compound thoughts and remain without cognition until they learn verbal communication (Khalid, 2015). Cognitive development is the process of how an individual perceives, think and gain accepting of his or her world from first to last the interaction of inherent and learned factors. The areas were cognitive development focus on, that is information dispensation, intellectual, way of thinking language expansion and remembrance. A most important argument in cognitive development has been nature and nurture that is the query if cognitive development is primarily resolute by an individuals inborn qualities or by their personal understanding. On the other hand, it is now acknowledged by the expert that this is a fake dichotomy: there is overpowering proof from biological and behavioral science that from the initial points in expansion, genetic material interacts with actions and experience in the environment (Magid, Sheskin and Schulz, 2015). Core system of cognition recognized by psychologists: One of the core systems of cognition recognized by psychologists are the following: Biological theories In this field of environmental science and psychology, the assumption of development is used to improved and recognize how biological influence on enlargement network with the experience to shape in increasing traits (Pulsford, Lindenmayer and Driscoll, 2014). When this theory is applied to people the essential thought is that there is bias and constraint on the type of understanding the children easily and obtain during the growth as well as an aptitude to learn evolutionarily book and culturally specified knowledge. David Geary was set up the evolutionary educational psychology in a consequent area and represent to recognize how to evolve knowledge bias interact with the learning of evolutionarily novel information in school (Aguiar and Taylor, 2015). Behaviorist Perspective The main conjecture of this approach is that all behavior is cultured and formed by the environment (Robinson, 2014). Moreover, Behaviorist Perspective argues that in organize for psychology is to be scientific and it supposed to be focus on apparent behavior which can be independently measured rather than on things like cognitive process which can only be contingent. In behaviorist perspective there is two kind of conditioning theories that is classical conditioning and operant conditioning, were as classical condition tell us how to study behavior through organization (Duits et al., 2015) and operant condition tell us how the penalty of behavior reinforces (Johnes, 2014). Stages of Piagets theory: Piagets theory is the opinion that cognitive development occur in a sequence of four separate, worldwide stage and both of this are characterize by more and more complicated and conceptual level of consideration (Magid, Sheskin and Schulz, 2015). All this stage are occurring in same order and each of them are building on what was learning in the preceding stage (Viederyt, 2014). The following stage is: Sensor motor stage - In this stage infant and toddler are acquiring information all the way through sensory understanding and manipulate matter. Currently in expansion, a childs intelligence consists of their basic motor and sensory investigation of the world. Piagets supposed that rising is known as objective stability or objective loyalty, and also accepting that objective continue to exist, even when they cannot be seen, and a significant element at this point of expansion (Pulsford, Lindenmayer and Driscoll, 2014). Preoperational stages In these stage children learn through pretend play but still move violently with reason and pleasing the view point of other people. In this they also move violently through the ideal of reliability (Witt and Helmstaedter, 2015). Example suppose investigator may take a lump of clay and make it into two piece and both piece are equal in nature, they told a kid to choose one of them and here the one piece is shaped like a ball and other piece are shaped like a flat screen, while by choosing between two of them the preoperational will might select the flat one because flat one look like larger in shape (Pulsford, Lindenmayer and Driscoll, 2014). Concrete operational stage In this stage kid might think in more logical way, and their thinking might be inflexible. They inclined to resist with theoretical and imaginary concept. In this stage kid capacity turn into less self-centered and start to think about how others might feel and believe. In this concrete operational stage they start to recognize how their opinion is exclusive to them and everyone need to shares their feelings, thoughts and opinion. Formal operational stage - This is the last and final stage in Piagets theory, which occupy a raise in judgment, the capability to use deductive analysis and also indulgent in conceptual ideas. Importance of Piagets: Schema it is one of the most important concepts of Piagets theory of cognitive development. Take an example of Christmas festival which include money, winter, gold, Santa etc and other have different schema like holiday, birth of Jesus etc. yes, there is a schema for each and every kind of things like for occupation, events, yourself for others etc (West, 2014). Assimilation it is a process of incorporate fresh information into a pre-existing plan. Take an example of an old lady, an old lady see a youngster attack another person, she might incorporate aggression or offense into her teenager schema. After that she thinks that the teenager will applied her schema to them, and then it may show prejudice. Here a simple process used as an information which is already fit to pre-existing category (Pulsford, Lindenmayer and Driscoll, 2014). Accommodation - while approaching crossways a new thing for the first time, a child will do an effort and apply an old schema to the objective. Again here they use the same dog example here the child may have four leg in their dog schema and other compare with another animal like cat; cat might look like a dog that is absorption. While saying that this is cat instead of dog than it will be accommodation which is the newly information into another schema (Magid, Sheskin and Schulz, 2015). Adaptation The two part of adaptation is accommodation and assimilation which refer to the adapting our schemata to make a perfect model of the world we live in. It might be a kind of learning but it is totally opposite to the Behaviorist psychology that I classical and operational conditioning (Pulsford, Lindenmayer and Driscoll, 2014). Equilibrium In this Piaget recommended that human logically do their best to achieve a cognitive balance, here should be a balance between apply previous knowledge which is assimilation and altering schemata to the explanation for new information which is accommodation. Piaget also recommended that if a child schema is not fit to the reality then it might be a tension in his mind. While balancing accommodation and assimilation then the anxiety might reduce and can be carry on to higher levels of consideration and knowledge which is known as equilibration (Magid, Sheskin and Schulz, 2015). Evaluate Piagets theories of cognitive development with reference to the ideas of the other theorists. As we have learnt earlier that cognitive development is the study in psychology and neuroscience which focuses on the development of a child in terms related to processing of information, perceptual skills, conceptual resources, and all aspects which is related to cognitive psychology and development of brain compared to the point of view of an adult (Boom, 2004). Piagets theory is the broad study of human intelligence and nature. He believed that childhood plays a vital role in the growth of brain. A child learns by doing things and exploring them. Intellectual development theory focuses on adaptation, perception and manipulating the environment surrounding them. It is also known as the development stage theory. Cognitive development to Piaget was the developmental reorganization of the mental process which results from the environmental experience and biological maturation (Cook-Cottone, 2004). This theory can be more evaluated by stating that the theorist believed that all childre n build an understanding of the surroundings and then experiences them on their own, and then find out the difference of what they know already and what they discovered. The development is in the center of human where the language is dependent on the understanding and knowledge which is acquired through the cognitive development (Crafter, 2015). There is another theory on cognitive development given by Lev Vygotsky, who believed that the social community largely influences the thinking process of children. Here, psychological or technical tools are mainly responsible for this. Vygotsky proposed that in order to gain social acquaintance, individual must have to be aware about the way of communication. A small child will learn from their olders, how to communicate with using appropriate languages. As per Vygotsky this can be termed as More Knowledgeable Other (MKO). According to him, MKO can be teachers, older, instructor, parents, professional, etc. which excluded friends, children and computers. Here, mainly Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) approach has been placed. According to the first level, that is, Present Level of Development, it can be sent that the child has the capability to do something without taking assistance from any person. On the other hand, the level 2- or the Potential Level of Development explained that the child can potentially be competent enough to do something in line with the help of teachers and other people (Lao and Kuhn, 2002). There is a gap between Level 1 and Level 2 which by Vygotsky is described as the Zone of Proximal Development. He assumed that with the help from others a child will be able to potentially gain knowledge which is already held by them. Knowledge must be appropriate enough so that the child can grasp it (Kozulin, 2011). Both the theories, when evaluated and compared, offer extremely influential theories which had a strong impression with respect to the method of teaching children (Levykh, 2008). Evaluate evidence from studies of cognitive development and relate findings to theories of cognitive development Even though there is a rivalry between the two theorists with the competing theories. To evaluate the evidences from the studies of cognitive development and relate findings with it the following table will be of much help. The table shows the contrasts in both the theories: Piagets View Vygotskys view Learning Solitary Social Development is driven By conflict between stages By input from MKO and others Context Development is universal and stages are same irrespective of the context Development is different depending on the social and cultural context Knowledge Children attain knowledge by exploring themselves Children work with others to attain knowledge Stage Yes No Languages Role Thought drives language Language drives thought Speech Social speech becomes inner speech Egocentric speech becomes social speech Link Development comes first then learning Learning comes first than development The contrasts of the two theories are very competing. The theories are challenging broad and complexities of human nature. Now we would look in-depth of both the theories with respect to its findings and its evaluations. Findings and evaluations of Piagets theory: Piagets theory is based on numerous defined and rigid stages. What is the probability cognitive development will occur mechanically as the theory suggests? A child need to move to the next stage and a switch does not brush whereby moving onto another stage. There is contrary evidence which suggests some facts of the study are inaccurate. There was criticism that Piagets underestimated the ability of the children and infants. The procedure used to define the theory was highly criticized pointing that if children are incapable of cognitive functioning or Piagets methods were much complicated for a childs understanding (Saengpun, 2012). The theory had a high impact on teaching techniques all over and it stays as one of the vital developmental theories in the education till date. The theory gives framework to understand what may happen when children acquire particular cognitive knowledge. Findings and evaluations of Vygotskys theory: This theory emphasizes much on the social culture and interaction by which other facets of the development is missed. There is no extensive explanation for individual differences and developmental problems. The theory has huge implication on education which shows that how MKOs and adults can engage actively in helping the children reach their full potential. According to this theory it is found that children who work together in pairs do better and construct compound ideas than working alone. In this theory group learning is initiated with looking into the cognitive development of the individual. Explain some of the difficulties relating to research into cognitive development Studies have shown that parents use these theories to decide what to purchase in order to support the growth of their child. In the academic purpose teachers also use these theories to determine which syllabus will be suitable for the students. Recent studies have shown that children having the same grade and being in the same age perform their tasks differently in basic mathematical fluency. The stage of the cognitive development differs from person to person and it affects and impacts on how someone reflects on everything. As this theory of Piagets was applauded it was criticized also (Jeltova, 2004). It was found that development do not progress in a smooth way as his theory says. It was found that children are able to learn concepts and has the capability to do complex reasoning that is supposed to be more advanced cases. This theory is of domain general which predicts that maturation occurs simultaneously across different domain of knowledge. The theorist in this case did not ta ke into account the changeability in the performance of a child (Shabani, Khatib and Ebadi, 2010). Vygotskys theory is a modern application of reciprocal teaching which is used to perk up the ability of the students to learn from the text. According to this theory, the students and the teachers work together in learning the four key elements of questioning, clarifying, summarizing and predicting, by way of which the teachers time is lessened. Vygotsky is pertinent to concepts like apprenticeship and scaffolding where a teacher is an adult who helps to structure and arrange a task. This theory well accepted both by parents and teachers was also criticized. Vygotsky did not obtain equal level of strong scrutiny like Piaget due to the lengthy process. This theory does not provide particular hypothesis making repudiation difficult if not impossible. It was also stated that Vygotskys ideas were not culturally widespread but an alternative concepts of scaffolding which was dependent on verbal instruction. This may not be equal in all cultures in the learning process. In some cases pract ice and observation may be more effective (Spinath and Spinath, 2005 References: Aguiar, N. and Taylor, M. (2015). 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Problems of Voluntary Turnover and the Strategies -myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theProblems of Voluntary Turnover and the Strategies. Answer: Introduction A work relationship should maintain mutual agreement and interests to the parties involved at all times. These healthy interactions between the stakeholders ensure for a long term association in a place of work with less problems. However, sometimes an employee might decide to terminate his or her association with a certain organization for different reasons, which is called voluntary turnover. There are different reasons that could motivate an employee to voluntarily turnover, including dissatisfaction at work or better chances outside. In the event that an employee has left his duties out of good will, then it leaves the organization with some impact (Tanova 2008). Employee turnover is a trend that has resulted in negative impacts to the organization affected. An organization ends up facing increased expenditure, difficult in handling and developing new employees, a negative brand image and overall reduced performance. The success of an organization fully depends on its employees to deliver great services in consideration to their skills and experiences. Companies with focused and contented workers perform better because they give employees are able to give their best at work. Success comes when all the parties are getting what they need to motivate them towards achieving the goals of an organization (Crossley 2007). An organization usually needs to improve its employee strategies and programs to the extent that they can maintain their most valuable workers. Some of the ways to ensure long term working relationships with employees is to recruit the right team, putting more consideration into the benefits and considerations of employees, offer rewards for good work done, create new opportunities for growth and offer a positive working environment. Reasons for voluntary turnover Mismatch of skills and job People do not always get the jobs they had wished for in their dreams and career development. When such like a situation occurs, people might find themselves in need for career change and hence end up quitting their jobs and terminating their contracts before maturity. Some of the main reasons that might lead to such like actions include a mismatch between the job requirements and the skills and experiences of an employee (Zimmerman 2009.). An individual might have the required skills and knowledge in the sales and marketing sector but then acquire a position in the information technology department. He or she might be trained on the new job and get the basics but his or her skills lies somewhere else. Only an employee trained in a certain sector can deal with complex situations when they occur in the process of operation(Sturges 2005.). It is therefore challenging and stressful for one to hold the wrong position which might later on lead to turnover. In case a job that covers that e mployee specialty, they will not hesitate to quite their current job and enter into their field. Organizations progress Stagnant growth of a company might lead to some employees opting to go look for opportunities elsewhere in the name of new opportunities and openings. The major purpose of the human resource department is to ensure that the company can improve its current state and advance. If an organization stays in the same position for years, then the employees usually feel less motivated. They want to see ne project coming up, new clients, new opportunities and exposure for them. If there are no such developments, then it is easier for them to opt for other options that give them a better chance to do more. Organizational instability also closely relates in this case as everyone wants to feel safe with their source of income and career path (Lee 2004. ). If an organization shows some signs of failure like unable to pay debts and make good profits, then employees will look for jobs in a more secure environment. Management Poor management is also one of the reasons that lead to instability in the human resource department. If the leadership of the organization is less focused on the needs of its employees, then it is difficult to keep them on track (Nelson 2012). A worker feels comfortable and satisfied if the management system emphasizes on activities that develop his or her ability to produce better. Some of the issues lacking in the organization might be less focus on employee motivation activities. An organization might get stuck focusing on external issues like the market and end up neglecting their employee management programs. At this moment, employees starts feeling neglected and may consider options offered to them in other organizations or field as well. The workload might just be too much for an employee to handle making them move so as to balance their lives with work. Sometimes companies are faced with crises in such a way that they have limited time and a lot of duties to perform (Miller 2006). In this situation, they end up overloading their current workers because of escaping hiring costs. Since there may not be allowances in addition to the work, then some employees might feel overworked and decide to leave. These reasons and many others encourage employees quit their jobs in search for better and more fulfilling opportunities. Problems of Voluntary turnover Employees are an important stakeholder when it comes to the success or failure of a certain organization. They sudden departure might therefore leave the firm on the face of very challenging situations. Increased expenditure Any business organization has set regulations that govern the process of their operations especially when dealing with workers. In the cases of employee turnover, then the company is left at a bad state of financial spending. Any employee is entitled to a certain amount of compensation when their contract is terminated before due time for whatever reason (Hewlett 2008). So the first thing that the company should do is to obey the terms and conditions of their contracts and compensate for their outgoing worker. Then now they have to recruit a new replacement to occupy the vacant position as it is usually hard to have an already existing employee to cover for the position. They might do so for sometime but if it is a technical area that requires specialized skills, then a new replacement must be hired. There is a lot of expenditure including advertising for the job and conducting interviews, examinations and probations for the new staff member (Tanova 2008. ). Once they have selected t he candidate, they then spend more funds training them of their new job duties and requirements. The whole process until an organization attains a new qualified individual for the vacant position involves a lot of expenditure. Dealing with new employees Most of the times, a new employee can never compare with the precious one in terms of the way they conduct their duties in their specialty. The employee who occupied the position earlier had the full overview of the environment of work and could understand things better. When they leave, they then carry the knowledge and the experience with them leaving the company deprived. New employees are therefore hard to deal with as they know less about the focus and deeper details of the organization. It is only fair if they are given time to adapt to their new work environment so as to perform better (Miller 2006). During this waiting period, the organization experiences reduced growth rates in terms of their particular department that holds a new professional. The impact depends on the kind of department that is affected as others like finance; marketing and many more might have the greatest impact. With new personnel, it is hard to establish and determine their level of loyalty to work for the interest of the company (Lee 2004.). The best way to know whether an individual is loyal is by observing their behavior over a prolonged period of time to understand their stand. Most new employees might be unable to lead the organization towards the right direction and therefore require supervision all the time which is money and time consuming. Employee development It is important for every organization to set plans that focus on developing the skills, experience and personal development of their workers. Most companies invest a lot of time in these programs to ensure that their employees feel much motivated in readiness to the performance of their specified duties(Bendapudi 2002. ). In such like circumstances, voluntary turnover translates to a waste of resources on the employees who have left their jobs (Hewlett 2008). The skills they had acquired during their time at the company is all wasted as they go to work for another organization. The new employee on the other hand is not experienced in the business environment and therefore needs just as much exposure like the rest of the employees. In a situation when they are recent graduates, it becomes even harder to initiate some programs as they have been used to the theoretical world of the job rather than the practical side. Most of the times an organization might prefer to postpone the activi ties to save resources and give an individual time to learn from the rest. Negative brand image Depending on the reasons for the voluntary turnover, the companys reputation might be negatively affected which reduces its position in the market. If the employees leave because of poor management or instability, They could spread rumors to the public about the weaknesses of the organization they were working for. Once an organization has been concerned with significant internal problems, all sorts of research and investigation starts to knock on the door. Lending financial institutions and government cooperations benefiting from the firms operations will start investigating on the issue to find out the truth (Tanova 2008. ). During this time, the other competitive firms use the issue to get better in the market by investing in negative campaigns. Investors, creditors, suppliers and even consumers might start to withdraw from the firm due to the claims of instability (Maertz Jr 2004). A weak brand name destroys the companys future plans and the ability to stay on top of the competit ion in the market. Voluntary turnover might therefore have the most negative impact on an organizations progress. Strategies to maintain Employees As discussed earlier, there are great challenges that might come with voluntary turnover of employees and therefore companies should ensure that they do all the things possible to keep maintain a long term relationship with their workers. Some of the ways include: Recruiting the right team The best strategy of maintaining employees is by hiring the right kind of personnel to ensure or job satisfaction. The recruiting process should be thorough in such a way that they match the skills of the applicant with their knowledge, experience interest and the job on offer. It should also be crucial to relate all of the information obtained to ensure that they will be versatile with the organizations culture. Compensations and employee benefit The management should include the important aspects of offering the compensations to their workers according to the recent laws to improve their competitive advantage. It is easier for an employee to move to another organization due to the benefits offered. Some of these includes health and education benefits to the workers and their families according to the registered benefit plans (Holtom 2005). Appreciation and employee motivation Most individuals are motivated to stay in a company giving their best knowledge and skills if they are appreciated for the good work done. A profit making business should keep track of all their departments to ensure that they all perform well. They can establish the ones with the highest influence on the companys success and reward the individuals involved. In this way, they will be motivated to produce better and those in other departments will be willing to work hard so as to receive praise and appreciation (Nelson 2012). Most employees get tired of tirelessly working hard, bringing success to a business and yet get treated just like everyone else. They therefore require recognition and appreciation to keep them focused on the main goal of the organization (Hewlett 2008). Through rewards, an organization is able to maintain the loyalty of their workers and encourage them to keep working. New opportunities and growth Any firm should be focused on growing and expanding its territories to ensure that they open new business opportunities for their operations. Employees they open new business opportunities for their operations. Employees like new exposures that give them more experience with their jobs and the markets as well. If an organization meets new partners and comes up with new ideas, then it gives their employees a chance to interact with new people inside and outside their areas of specification (Baruch 2006) Employees leave mostly because they are looking for exposure and therefore if a company can provide all that, they are more likely to stay. The company should give their workers a chance to practice their newly acquired skills in different fields to advance their ability to explore. Offer positive work environment The stability and comfort of an employee comes with the type of environment provided to them in their places of work. The environment includes the physical aspects like space, natural view, social and diversity interactions and emotional aspects (Maertz Jr 2004). To ensure for appropriate working, any organization should invest highly to provide their workers with the best environment that enables them perform best. Spacious and well ventilated offices or studios are important in ensuring that the employees can enjoy privacy and effective working area. (Collins 2003). They are motivated by the ability to work without having to squeeze their operations in smaller suffocated spaces. The social interaction between the employer and management with the employees also opts to be healthy to ensure for proper working relations. The managers should try their best to recognize diversity so as to accommodate people from all cultures, religions and political divides (Hewlett 2008). They should a lso work towards developing the emotional intelligence of the workers to ensure that they have stable emotional affiliations to work better. All these ways can help maintain the employees for a long term working relationship. Conclusion Voluntary turnover is a significant event in any organization that requires proper strategies to address. There are many reasons that might force an individual worker to leave their job including lack or motivation, stability and appreciation. The problems that come as a result are increased costs of acquiring new workers and developing them into being efficient and loyal to the organization. However the organization can deal with voluntary turnover by appreciating the employees and giving them a chance to grow in a healthy environment. If an organization is following the employment laws and putting their workers first, then it is possible to maintain a long term relationship with employees. References Baruch, Y, 2006, 'Career development in organizations and beyond: Balancing traditional and contemporary viewpoints.', Human resource management review, pp. 16(2), pp.125-138. Bendapudi, NALRP, 2002. , 'Managing business-to-business customer relationships following key contact employee turnover in a vendor firm. ', Journal of Marketing, pp. 66(2), pp.83-101. Collins, CJACKD, 2003, 'Strategic human resource practices, top management team social networks, and firm performance: The role of human resource practices in creating organizational competitive advantage. ', Academy of management Journa, p. 46(6). Crossley, CD,BRJ,JSMABJL, 2007, 'Development of a global measure of job embeddedness and integration into a traditional model of voluntary turnover. ', Journal of Applied Psychology, pp. 92(4), p.1031. Hewlett, SA, 2008, 'Off-ramps and on-ramps: Keeping talented women on the road to success.', Human Resource Management International Digest, p. 16(2). Holtom, BC,MTR,LTWAIEJ, 2005, 'Shocks as causes of turnover: What they are and how organizations can manage them. ', Human resource management, pp. 44(3), pp.337-352. Lee, TW,MTR,SCJ,BJPAHBC, 2004. , 'The effects of job embeddedness on organizational citizenship, job performance, volitional absences, and voluntary turnover. ', Academy of Management Journal, pp. 47(5), pp.711-7. Maertz Jr, CPAGRW, 2004, 'Eight motivational forces and voluntary turnover: A theoretical synthesis with implications for research. ', Journal of Management, pp. 30(5), pp.667-683. Miller, BC, 2006, Keeping employees accountable for results: quick tips for busy managers. , AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn. Nelson, B, 2012, 1501 ways to reward employees. , Workman Publishing. Ongori, H, 2007., A review of the literature on employee turnover. Sturges, J,CN,GDALA, 2005., 'Managing the career deal: The psychological contract as a framework for understanding career management, organizational commitment and work behavior. ', Journal of Organizational Behavior, , pp. 26(7), pp. Tanova, CAHBC, 2008. , 'Using job embeddedness factors to explain voluntary turnover in four European countries. ', The International Journal of Human Resource Management, , pp. 19(9), pp.1553-1568. 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